Static Classes and Static Class Members

A static class is basically the same as a non-static class, but there is one difference: a static class cannot be instantiated. In other words, you cannot use the new keyword to create a variable of the class type. Because there is no instance variable, you access the members of a static class by using the class name itself. For example, if you have a static class that is named UtilityClass that has a public method named MethodA, you call the method as shown in the following example

UtilityClass.MethodA();

A static class can be used as a convenient container for sets of methods that just operate on input parameters and do not have to get or set any internal instance fields. For example, in the .NET Framework Class Library, the static System.Math class contains methods that perform mathematical operations, without any requirement to store or retrieve data that is unique to a particular instance of the Math class. That is, you apply the members of the class by specifying the class name and the method name, as shown in the following example.

 

double dub = -3.14;
Console.WriteLine(Math.Abs(dub));
Console.WriteLine(Math.Floor(dub));
Console.WriteLine(Math.Round(Math.Abs(dub)));

// Output:
// 3.14
// -4
// 3

The following list provides the main features of a static class:

1. 
   

   Contains only static members.

   
   
2. 
   

   Cannot be instantiated.

   
   
3. 
   

   Is sealed.

   
   
4. 
   

   Cannot contain Instance Constructors.

 

 

    public static class TemperatureConverter
    {
        public static double CelsiusToFahrenheit(string temperatureCelsius)
        {
            // Convert argument to double for calculations.
            double celsius = Double.Parse(temperatureCelsius);
            // Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit.
            double fahrenheit = (celsius * 9 / 5) + 32;
            return fahrenheit;
        }
        public static double FahrenheitToCelsius(string temperatureFahrenheit)
        {
            // Convert argument to double for calculations.
            double fahrenheit = Double.Parse(temperatureFahrenheit);
            // Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius.
            double celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9;
            return celsius;
        }
    }
    class TestTemperatureConverter
    {
        static void Main()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Please select the convertor direction");
            Console.WriteLine("1. From Celsius to Fahrenheit.");
            Console.WriteLine("2. From Fahrenheit to Celsius.");
            Console.Write(":");
            string selection = Console.ReadLine();
            double F, C = 0;
            switch (selection)
            {
                case "1":
                    Console.Write("Please enter the Celsius temperature: ");
                    F = TemperatureConverter.CelsiusToFahrenheit(Console.ReadLine());
                    Console.WriteLine("Temperature in Fahrenheit: {0:F2}", F);
                    break;
                case "2":
                    Console.Write("Please enter the Fahrenheit temperature: ");
                    C = TemperatureConverter.FahrenheitToCelsius(Console.ReadLine());
                    Console.WriteLine("Temperature in Celsius: {0:F2}", C);
                    break;
                default:
                    Console.WriteLine("Please select a convertor.");
                    break;
            }
            // Keep the console window open in debug mode.
            Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit.");
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
    /* Example Output:
        Please select the convertor direction
        1. From Celsius to Fahrenheit.
        2. From Fahrenheit to Celsius.
        :2
        Please enter the Fahrenheit temperature: 20
        Temperature in Celsius: -6.67
        Press any key to exit.
     */

 

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